The health of children has improved significantly in many countries over the period of the 20th century and, in particular, over the last decades of that century. This can be seen in impressive reductions in infant mortality, child mortality, and childhood infectious diseases (UNCF 2012). By many measures, these improvements in the health of infants and children continue to spread to many more parts of the world. Alongside improvements in social and economic conditions, the development and wide-scale application of child health services in many countries, as well as clinical paediatrics, have also played their parts in delivering these improvements (Claeson and Waldman 2000).