Infection is a well-known complication of central venous access device (CVAD) use, with an incidence of 3-6 bloodstream infections per 1,000 catheter days in children. Prevention of CVAD infections has improved with new strategies including the use of chlorhexidine antisepsis, bundles, maximal sterile barriers for insertion, prophylactic locks, antibiotic impregnated catheters and tunnelling of long-term devices. Despite these strategies, catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) continue to be an important health problem. New approaches to diagnosis include differential time to positivity and quantification of blood cultures and molecular diagnostics. The management of CRBSIs includes techniques for line salvage including ethanol, antibiotic, hydrochloric acid, taurolidine and urokinase locks. When these fail, line removal and antimicrobial therapy are recommended.

Advances in our understanding of genetic and rare diseases are changing the face of healthcare. Crucially, the global community must implement these advances equitably to reduce health disparities, including between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. We take an Australian perspective to illustrate some key areas that are fundamental to the equitable translation of new knowledge for the improved diagnosis of genetic and rare diseases for Indigenous people. Specifically, we focus on inequalities in access to clinical genetics services and the lack of genetic and phenomic reference data to inform diagnoses. We provide examples of ways in which these inequities are being addressed through Australian partnerships to support a harmonious and inclusive approach to ensure that benefits from traditional wisdom, community knowledge and shared experiences are interwoven to support and inform implementation of new knowledge from genomics and precision public health. This will serve to deliver benefits to all of our diverse citizens, including Indigenous populations.