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Journal Article Arboviral diseases and malaria in Australia, 2010-11: annual report of the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.(2013-03-31) ;Knope, Katrina ;Whelan, Peter ;Smith, David ;Johansen, Cheryl ;Moran, Rod ;Doggett, Stephen ;Sly, Angus ;Hobby, Michaela; ;Wright, PhilNicholson, JayThe National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) received notification of 9,291 cases of disease transmitted by mosquitoes during the 2010-11 season (1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011). The alphaviruses Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus accounted for 7,515 (81%) of these. There were 133 notifications of dengue virus infection acquired in Australia and 1,133 cases that were acquired overseas, while for 10 cases, the place of acquisition was unknown. The number of overseas acquired cases of dengue continues to rise each year, and these are most frequently acquired in Indonesia. Sentinel chicken, mosquito surveillance, viral detection in mosquitoes and climate modelling are used to provide early warning of arboviral disease activity in Australia. In early 2011, sentinel chickens in south eastern Australia widely seroconverted to flaviviruses. In 2010-11, there were 16 confirmed human cases of Murray Valley encephalitis acquired in Australia. There was one human case of Kunjin virus infection. There were 7 notifications of locally-acquired malaria in Australia and 407 notifications of overseas-acquired malaria during the 2010-11 season.2 - Publication
Journal Article Arboviral diseases and malaria in Australia, 2012-13: Annual report of the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.This report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases of public health importance in Australia during the 2012-13 season (1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013) and includes data from human notifications, sentinel chicken, vector and virus surveillance programs. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System received notifications for 9,726 cases of disease transmitted by mosquitoes during the 2012-13 season. The Australasian alphaviruses Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus accounted for 7,776 (80%) of total notifications. However, over-diagnosis and possible false positive diagnostic test results for these 2 infections mean that the true burden of infection is likely overestimated, and as a consequence, the case definitions were revised, effective from 1 January 2016. There were 96 notifications of imported chikungunya virus infection. There were 212 notifications of dengue virus infection acquired in Australia and 1,202 cases acquired overseas, with an additional 16 cases for which the place of acquisition was unknown. Imported cases of dengue were most frequently acquired in Indonesia. No locally-acquired malaria was notified during the 2012-13 season, though there were 415 notifications of overseas-acquired malaria. There were no cases of Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection in 2012-13. In 2012-13, arbovirus and mosquito surveillance programs were conducted in most jurisdictions with a risk of vectorborne disease transmission. Surveillance for exotic mosquitoes at the border continues to be a vital part of preventing the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue to new areas of Australia, and in 2012-13, there were 7 detections of exotic mosquitoes at the border.1459 - Publication
Journal Article Arboviral diseases and malaria in Australia, 2013-14: Annual report of the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.This report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases of public health importance in Australia during the 2013-14 season (1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014) and includes data from human notifications, sentinel chicken, vector and virus surveillance programs. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System received notifications for 8,898 cases of disease transmitted by mosquitoes during the 2013-14 season. The Australasian alphaviruses Barmah Forest virus and Ross River virus accounted for 6,372 (72%) total notifications. However, over-diagnosis and possible false positive diagnostic test results for these 2 infections mean that the true burden of infection is likely overestimated, and as a consequence, the case definitions have been amended. There were 94 notifications of imported chikungunya virus infection and 13 cases of imported Zika virus infection. There were 212 notifications of dengue virus infection acquired in Australia and 1,795 cases acquired overseas, with an additional 14 cases for which the place of acquisition was unknown. Imported cases of dengue were most frequently acquired in Indonesia (51%). No cases of locally-acquired malaria were notified during the 2013-14 season, though there were 373 notifications of overseas-acquired malaria. In 2013-14, arbovirus and mosquito surveillance programs were conducted in most jurisdictions. Surveillance for exotic mosquitoes at international ports of entry continues to be a vital part of preventing the spread of vectors of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue to new areas of Australia, with 13 detections of exotic mosquitoes at the ports of entry in 2013-14.1674 - Publication
Technical Report Biting insect assessment Andranangoo Creek West & Lethbridge Bay West mining prospects, Tiwi Islands: supplementary trapping November 2005, January and May 2006(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2007-01) ;Warchot AWhelan PIA biting insect assessment was conducted at the Andranangoo Creek West and Lethbridge Bay West mining prospects from the 29th September to the 1st of October 2005. This included detailed ground surveys for actual and potential mosquito breeding sites, assessment of aerial photography for potential mosquito and biting midge breeding sites, and initial adult biting insect trapping at both mining prospects. The early report production meant that information from subsequent peak season adult biting insect trapping in November 2005, and January and May 2006 had to be produced in a separate supplementary report. Therefore some conclusions in the first report were drawn based on field inspections and desktop observations, and not on trap data. The following report highlights the findings of the supplementary trapping, with new conclusions in regards to mosquitoes and biting midges. Trapping conducted for the Andranangoo Creek West and Lethbridge Bay West Biting Insect Assessment Report (Warchot & Whelan 2005) is referred to as ‘initial trapping’ in this supplementary report.1591 475 - Publication
Technical Report Biting insect assessment Princess Louise and North Point mine sites(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2007-01) ;Warchot AWhelan PIBurnside Operations Pty Ltd plan to commence mining at the North Point and Princess Louise mine sites, located in the East Burnside Project Area approximately 130km south-east of Darwin. The mining method will be open cut, with ore to be transported to Union Reefs Gold Mine for processing. Workers are to be housed at the mine camp at Cosmo Village. Mine sites have the potential to create or exacerbate mosquito breeding, potentially from the creation of water dams, wetland filters, borrow pits, sediment traps, dry season water discharge, waste water disposal, as well as the construction of roads and mine waste dumps. Mine sites also have the potential to introduce new mosquito species into the Northern Territory, such as the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti from North Queensland, if equipment was to be sourced from this area. As part of the environmental process, all major development in the NT is required to consider mosquitoes during the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements or Public Environmental reports, to ensure new development does not create new mosquito breeding sites, and also to protect the health of workers.1624 761 - Publication
Technical Report Biting insect assessment, Andranangoo Creek West & Lethbridge Bay West mining prospects, Tiwi Islands, 29 September - 1 October 2005(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2005-10) ;Warchot AWhelan PIMatilda Minerals Limited (Matilda) proposes to develop sand mining operations at Andranangoo Creek West (Andranangoo) and Lethbridge Bay West (Lethbridge), Melville Island, Tiwi Islands, Northern Territory. The proposed operation will extract high grade heavy minerals (HM), specifically zircon and rutile, for export to China. It is estimated that a total of 99,000 t of zircon and rutile will be exported during the anticipated sand mining operation over three and half years. A proposal to mine both sites was submitted to the NT Government in the form of a Notive of Intent Document (URS, 2005). The NT Government determined the project is to undergo formal environmental assessment in the form of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS). Part of the EIS process is to conduct a biting insect assessment of the general project areas to determine any public health risks to workers and the potential for mining activities to alter the natural environment and create further biting insect breeding sites. The Medical Entomology Branch was commissioned by URS Australia on behalf of Matilda Minerals to undertake a biting insect assessment at both proposed sandmining sites.1491 698 - Publication
Technical Report Biting insects in the proposed Newtown (Weddell) development, Darwin(Medical Entomology, DHF, 2009-02) ;Whelan PI ;Booth DKelton WThere are many examples of development in the Darwin region that have led to enormous populations of a range of mosquito species, severely effecting residents in nearby areas and requiring costly rectification. To aid planners in their design of the proposed Newton development, the Medical Entomology section of the department of Health and Families has made collections of biting midges and mosquitoes form march 1984 to April 1985 in and around the proposed development area between the Elizabeth and Blackmore Rivers, south-west of Palmerston. Additional surveys of biting midge breeding areas were made in late 1987. This report analyses the result and suggest methods of minimising the adverse effects of the biting insect present in the proposed development area, and outlines some construction guidelines to avoid exacerbating the problem.1607 1021 - Publication
Technical Report Browns Oxide project biting insect assessment(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2008-05) ;Warchot AWhelan PICompass Resources NL is proposing the development of the Browns Oxide mine, located in the Northern Territory approximately 65km south of Darwin and 7km north-west of Batchelor (Figure 1).The project is currently under construction. Compass Resources NL proposes to utilise open cut mining methods and a conventional hydrometallurgical process to extract approximately 3.9 million tonnes of oxide ore and produce copper, cobalt and nickel over a four year period (Public Environmental Report (PER) - Enesar Consulting Pty Ltd 2005). Mine sites have the potential to create or exacerbate mosquito breeding, from the creation of water dams, wetland filters, borrow pits, sediment traps, pit water discharge, waste water disposal, as well as the construction of roads and mine waste dumps. Mine sites also have the potential to introduce new mosquito species into the Northern Territory, such as the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti from North Queensland, if equipment is sourced from this area. Therefore, all major development in the NT is required to consider mosquito breeding during the Environmental Assessment process, to ensure development does not create new mosquito breeding sites.1619 314 - Publication
Comparative Study Combining parasite lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid tests to improve specificity for diagnosis of malaria Due to Plasmodium knowlesi and other Plasmodium species in Sabah, Malaysia.(2014-06) ;Grigg MJ ;William T ;Barber BE ;Parameswaran U ;Bird E ;Piera K ;Aziz A ;Dhanaraj P ;Yeo TWPlasmodium knowlesi causes severe and fatal malaria in Malaysia. Microscopic misdiagnosis is common and may delay appropriate treatment. P. knowlesi can cross-react with "species-specific" parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) monoclonal antibodies used in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to detect P. falciparum and P. vivax. At one tertiary-care hospital and two district hospitals in Sabah, we prospectively evaluated two combination RDTs for malaria diagnosis by using both a pan-Plasmodium-pLDH (pan-pLDH)/P. falciparum-specific-pLDH (Pf-pLDH) RDT (OptiMAL-IT) and a non-P. falciparum VOM-pLDH/Pf-HRP2 RDT (CareStart). Differential cross-reactivity among these combinations was hypothesized to differentiate P. knowlesi from other Plasmodium monoinfections. Among 323 patients with PCR-confirmed P. knowlesi (n = 193), P. falciparum (n = 93), and P. vivax (n = 37) monoinfections, the VOM-pLDH individual component had the highest sensitivity for nonsevere (35%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27 to 43%) and severe (92%; CI, 81 to 100%) P. knowlesi malaria. CareStart demonstrated a P. knowlesi sensitivity of 42% (CI, 34 to 49%) and specificity of 74% (CI, 65 to 82%), a P. vivax sensitivity of 83% (CI, 66 to 93%) and specificity of 71% (CI, 65 to 76%), and a P. falciparum sensitivity of 97% (CI, 90 to 99%) and specificity of 99% (CI, 97 to 100%). OptiMAL-IT demonstrated a P. knowlesi sensitivity of 32% (CI, 25 to 39%) and specificity of 21% (CI, 15 to 29%), a P. vivax sensitivity of 60% (CI, 42 to 75%) and specificity of 97% (CI, 94 to 99%), and a P. falciparum sensitivity of 82% (CI, 72 to 89%) and specificity of 39% (CI, 33 to 46%). The combination of CareStart plus OptiMAL-IT for P. knowlesi using predefined criteria gave a sensitivity of 25% (CI, 19 to 32%) and specificity of 97% (CI, 92 to 99%). Combining two RDT combinations was highly specific for P. knowlesi malaria diagnosis; however, sensitivity was poor. The specificity of pLDH RDTs was decreased for P. vivax and P. falciparum because of P. knowlesi cross-reactivity and cautions against their use alone in areas where P. knowlesi malaria is endemic. Sensitive P. knowlesi-specific RDTs and/or alternative molecular diagnostic tools are needed in areas where P. knowlesi malaria is endemic.1572 - Publication
Annual Report Communicable Diseases Network Australia National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee annual report 2004-05(The Office of Health Protection in the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2005-12) ;Liu C ;Broom AK ;Whelan PIThis report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in Australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005. Ross River virus (RRV) infections (45%), Barmah Forest virus (BFV) infections (30%) and malaria (19%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2004-05. The Northern Territory had the highest rate of RRV notifications and the peak notification rate (in February 2005) was 54 per cent less than the previous season. The Northern Territory also reported the highest BFV notification rate this season, peaking in April 2005, which was the second highest reported BFV notification rate since 1998. National RRV and BFV notification rates were highest in the 45-49 year age group. There were 799 notifications of malaria in 2004-05 of which none were reported as locally acquired. This was the third highest reporting season for malaria notifications since 1998. In contrast to previous years in which Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species, Plasmodium falciparum was reported as the infecting species in 57 per cent of the malaria notifications and Plasmodium vivax for 34 per cent of cases. Children in the 5-9 year age group had the highest number of cases compared to previous years in which the peak number of cases tended to be in young adult age groups. There were four cases of Kunjin virus (KUNV) and two cases of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) reported in 2004-05. Sentinel chicken surveillance data for flaviviruses and sentinel pig surveillance data for Japanese encephalitis virus are reported. There were 188 notifications of dengue virus infection (DENV) in 2004-05, of which 46 per cent (n=86) were reported as having been acquired overseas. Dengue serotype 4 was the most frequently reported type, accounting for 32 per cent of cases (n=60).1887 208 - Publication
Annual Report Communicable Diseases Network Australia National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee annual report 2005-06(The Office of Health Protection in the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006-12) ;Liu C ;Johansen CA; Whelan PIThis report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in Australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006, in which the second largest number of notifications since 1995-96 was reported. Ross River virus (RRV) infections (66%), Barmah Forest virus (BFV) infections (23%) and malaria (9%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2005-06. National RRV notifications were the fifth largest on record. The Northern Territory had the highest rate of RRV notifications and the peak notification rate (in January 2006) was the third highest since 2000. National BFV notification rates were the highest on record. The Northern Territory also reported the highest BFV notification rate this season, peaking in February-March 2006, which was the highest reported BFV notification rate on record. BFV notification rates were significantly higher in teenagers compared to previous seasons. There were 731 notifications of malaria in 2005-06 of which none was reported as locally acquired. This was the third highest reporting period for malaria notifications since 2000. In contrast to previous years in which Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species, Plasmodium falciparum was reported as the infecting species in 45 per cent of the malaria notifications and Plasmodium vivax for 42 per cent of cases. Young adults in the 20-24 year age group had the highest number of cases and children in the 5-9 year age group accounted for 22 per cent of notifications. There were two cases of Kunjin virus (KUNV) infection and one case of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) infection reported in 2005-06, all from Western Australia. Sentinel chicken surveillance data for flaviviruses and sentinel pig surveillance data for Japanese encephalitis virus are reported. There were 200 notifications of dengue virus (DENV) infection in 2005-06, of which 46 per cent (n=92) was reported as having been acquired overseas. Dengue serotypes 2 and 3 were detected in two outbreaks of locally-acquired dengue in Queensland this season.1635 214 - Publication
Annual Report Communicable Diseases Network Australia National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee annual report 2006-07(The Office of Health Protection of the Australian Government's Department of Health and Ageing, 2008-03) ;Liu C ;Begg K ;Johansen CA ;Whelan PI; ;Melville LNational Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory CommitteeThis report describes the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease in Australia for the mosquito-borne disease season 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007, which was moderately low compared to previous seasons. Ross River virus (RRV) infections (55%), Barmah Forest virus (BFV) infections (29%) and overseas acquired malaria (11%) were the most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in 2006–07. The number, proportion and rate of national BFV notifications were the second highest on record since 1998-99. The Northern Territory reported the highest BFV notification rate this season. BFV notification rates were the highest in the 40-59 year age groups when compared to other age groups. National RRV notifications were the fifth largest on record. The number, proportion and rate of RRV notifications were moderately low this season compared with previous seasons. The highest RRV rate was reported by Western Australia from the Kimberley region. The highest age-specific RRV notification rate was observed in the 40-59 year age groups. Locally acquired dengue virus notifications were low this season compared to previous seasons, with a small outbreak of dengue serotype 3 in 39 cases confined to the greater Townsville region. There were 640 notifications of malaria in 2006–07 of which none were reported as locally acquired. This was the third highest number of malaria notifications since 2001. Plasmodium falciparum was reported as the infecting species in 47 per cent of the malaria notifications and Plasmodium vivax for 40 per cent of cases. Young adolescent and adults in the 15–29 year age group had the highest number of cases accounting for 32 per cent of notifications. Sentinel chicken surveillance data for flaviviruses and sentinel pig surveillance data for Japanese encephalitis virus are also reported.1679 178 - Publication
Guideline Construction practice near tidal areas in the Northern Territory: guidelines to prevent mosquito breeding(Mosquito Control Association of Australia Inc., 1994-03) ;Whelan PICoastal Management Technical Advisory GroupThere have been many instances of construction in or near tidal areas in the Top End of the Northern Territory that have resulted in ecological disturbance and subsequent mosquito breeding. Many of the deleterious disturbances have been the result of little or no recognition of the ecological consequences of construction practices, either during the construction period or on completion of the project. Much of the deleterious ecological disturbance can be avoided or minimized by consultation between engineers or construction authorities and people with ecological expertise.1151 386 - Publication
Technical Report Dengue mosquito control assessment, 13-15 April 2005, Dili, Timor Leste (title on cover)(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2005-05-03) ;Whelan PIPettit WJA dengue outbreak has been underway in Timor Leste (East Timor) since the start of January 2005, with hundreds of cases and multiple deaths from dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome reported by the Ministry of Health (MOH) Timor Leste. The Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (DHCS) received a formal request from the Minister of Health Timor Leste on 05/04/2005 to provide advice to overcome the current outbreak and for a longer-term program to combat dengue disease in Timor Leste. This request was discussed with key DHCS officers and Ausaid officers, who supported a visit by the director of Medical Entomology Branch to conduct an assessment of the current dengue control program and to provide advice on strengthening the dengue control program.1490 308 - Publication
Journal Article Dihydrofolate-Reductase Mutations in Plasmodium knowlesi Appear Unrelated to Selective Drug Pressure from Putative Human-To-Human Transmission in Sabah, Malaysia.(2016) ;Grigg MJ ;Barber BE ;Marfurt J ;Imwong M ;William T ;Bird E ;Piera KA ;Aziz A ;Boonyuen U ;Drakeley CJ ;Cox J ;White NJ ;Cheng Q ;Yeo TW ;Auburn SMalaria caused by zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi is an emerging threat in Eastern Malaysia. Despite demonstrated vector competency, it is unknown whether human-to-human (H-H) transmission is occurring naturally. We sought evidence of drug selection pressure from the antimalarial sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as a potential marker of H-H transmission. The P. knowlesi dihdyrofolate-reductase (pkdhfr) gene was sequenced from 449 P. knowlesi malaria cases from Sabah (Malaysian Borneo) and genotypes evaluated for association with clinical and epidemiological factors. Homology modelling using the pvdhfr template was used to assess the effect of pkdhfr mutations on the pyrimethamine binding pocket. Fourteen non-synonymous mutations were detected, with the most common being at codon T91P (10.2%) and R34L (10.0%), resulting in 21 different genotypes, including the wild-type, 14 single mutants, and six double mutants. One third of the P. knowlesi infections were with pkdhfr mutants; 145 (32%) patients had single mutants and 14 (3%) had double-mutants. In contrast, among the 47 P. falciparum isolates sequenced, three pfdhfr genotypes were found, with the double mutant 108N+59R being fixed and the triple mutants 108N+59R+51I and 108N+59R+164L occurring with frequencies of 4% and 8%, respectively. Two non-random spatio-temporal clusters were identified with pkdhfr genotypes. There was no association between pkdhfr mutations and hyperparasitaemia or malaria severity, both hypothesized to be indicators of H-H transmission. The orthologous loci associated with resistance in P. falciparum were not mutated in pkdhfr. Subsequent homology modelling of pkdhfr revealed gene loci 13, 53, 120, and 173 as being critical for pyrimethamine binding, however, there were no mutations at these sites among the 449 P. knowlesi isolates. Although moderate diversity was observed in pkdhfr in Sabah, there was no evidence this reflected selective antifolate drug pressure in humans.1505 - Publication
Technical Report Energy Resources of Australia Ranger Mine, Kakadu National Park, investigation of mosquito breeding sites and management recommendations(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2006-06) ;Warchot AWhelan PIEnergy Resources of Australia (ERA) Ranger Mine is located in Kakadu National Park, adjacent to several arms of the Magela Creek and within flight range of mosquitoes from the extensive Magela Swamp. Weekly routine adult mosquito trapping in and adjacent to the nearby town of Jabiru consistently reveals very high numbers of pest and disease carrying mosquito species, generally in the post wet season and dry season months of April to August, and during a short period of a few weeks in the mid wet season. Low to moderate numbers of pest and disease carrying mosquito species are also encountered during most other months of the year. The presence of extended periods of high mosquito numbers translates to a significant potential for mosquito borne disease transmission in the Jabiru locality.The following report presents the results of brief field investigations in September and December 2005, a critical review of the nature and extent of natural mosquito breeding sites likely to affect Ranger Mine, outlines potential breeding sites at the mine site, outlines the adult mosquito and ovitrap program, and provides recommendations on how to manage potential mosquito issues at the mine site.1465 398 - Publication
Journal Article Factors that are associated with the risk of acquiring Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: a case-control study protocol.(2014-08-22) ;Grigg MJ ;William T ;Drakeley CJ ;Jelip J ;von Seidlein L ;Barber BE ;Fornace KM; ;Yeo TWCox JPlasmodium knowlesi has long been present in Malaysia, and is now an emerging cause of zoonotic human malaria. Cases have been confirmed throughout South-East Asia where the ranges of its natural macaque hosts and Anopheles leucosphyrus group vectors overlap. The majority of cases are from Eastern Malaysia, with increasing total public health notifications despite a concurrent reduction in Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria. The public health implications are concerning given P. knowlesi has the highest risk of severe and fatal disease of all Plasmodium spp in Malaysia. Current patterns of risk and disease vary based on vector type and competence, with individual exposure risks related to forest and forest-edge activities still poorly defined. Clustering of cases has not yet been systematically evaluated despite reports of peri-domestic transmission and known vector competence for human-to-human transmission. A population-based case-control study will be conducted over a 2-year period at two adjacent districts in north-west Sabah, Malaysia. Confirmed malaria cases presenting to the district hospital sites meeting relevant inclusion criteria will be requested to enrol. Three community controls matched to the same village as the case will be selected randomly. Study procedures will include blood sampling and administration of household and individual questionnaires to evaluate potential exposure risks associated with acquisition of P. knowlesi malaria. Secondary outcomes will include differences in exposure variables between P. knowlesi and other Plasmodium spp, risk of severe P. knowlesi malaria, and evaluation of P. knowlesi case clustering. Primary analysis will be per protocol, with adjusted ORs for exposure risks between cases and controls calculated using conditional multiple logistic regression models. This study has been approved by the human research ethics committees of Malaysia, the Menzies School of Health Research, Australia, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.1262 - Publication
Technical Report Frances Creek Mine baseline mosquito assessment(Medical Entomology, DHCS, 2007-10) ;Warchot AWhelan PITerritory Iron Limited proposes to develop an open cut iron ore mining operation at Frances Creek, 180 kilometres south-east of Darwin. The proposed operation will be on the site of the previous Frances Creek Iron Ore Mine, which operated from 1967 to 1974. It will use remaining infrastructure from the previous operation. Three of five pits will be extensions of existing pits (Frances Creek Project PER, MBS Environmental August 2006). As the proposed mine site contains various water holding features such as dams and pits, as well as being located adjacent to ephemeral creek lines, there was the likelihood that pest and disease carrying mosquito species would be present at the mine site. Mining operations have the potential to create new mosquito breeding sites through the excavation of pits, construction of sediment ponds and dams, waste water disposal, construction of waste dumps, pit dewatering activities and the construction of roads. Mine operations also have the potential to introduce new mosquito species into the Northern Territory, such as the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti from North Queensland, if equipment was to be sourced from this area.1420 739 - Publication
Guideline Guidelines for malaria 2012(NT Dept. of Health Centre for Disease Control, 2012-09)Centre for Disease ControlThis document outlines some selected and unique aspects of malaria surveillance and control in the Northern Territory (NT). It describes the intensive measures that are essential if we are to prevent the re-establishment of malaria in the NT.3861 1669 - Publication
Guideline Guidelines for preventing mosquito breeding problems in areas of extractive industry in the top end of the Northern Territory(NT Health, 1988-12) ;Department of Health ;Medical EntomologyNT HealthThe Medical Entomology Branch (MEB) of the (previous) Territory Health Services was set up in 1973 to counter a perceived threat of mosquito borne disease. One of the initial reasons for the establishment of the unit was to combat the potential of the re-establishment of malaria in the new mining development on the Gove peninsular 650 km east of Darwin. Initial surveys had revealed that the proposed town and mine facilities were to be established near a prolific source of malaria mosquitoes. This threat was basically the result of poor urban planning by locating urban residential areas next to significant sources of vector mosquitoes.1948 289