INTRODUCTION: Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by clonal plasma cell proliferation within the bone marrow, often resulting in osteolytic bone disease. Traditionally, bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid and pamidronate, have been used in the prophylaxis and treatment of myeloma bone disease (MBD).
AREAS COVERED: A comprehensive, systematic review using these keywords, 'multiple myeloma,' 'myeloma bone disease,' 'bisphosphonates,' 'denosumab,' 'osteonecrosis' was conducted on Medline and Cochrane databases from 1995 to 2024. Priority was given articles reporting randomized, double-blinded clinical trials; with inclusion of large case cohort studies, in view of the limited comparison between different bone resorptive agents in the treatment of myeloma bone disease.
EXPERT OPINION: This updated guideline recommends a two-year course of bisphosphonate treatment, with suggested extension of dosing intervals if the disease remains stable. Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting receptor activator of nuclear factor ϰB ligand (RANKL), has demonstrated efficacy and non-inferiority compared to zoledronic acid in the treatment of MBD and may serve as an alternative treatment option especially with renal impairment. Further research into the utility of bone turnover markers for guiding anti-resorptive therapy in myeloma bone disease may provide significant clinical benefit. In addition, therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing osteoblastic activity represent a potential therapeutic strategy.