To investigate cancer survival for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory during the period 1991-2020, across the 15 most prevalent primary cancer sites.Retrospective cohort study of Northern Territory Cancer Registry notifications.NT residents diagnosed with an invasive cancer from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 2020.Five-year survival for all cancers and for 15 primary cancer sites by 10-year periods of diagnosis, and excess hazard ratios comparing excess mortality following cancer diagnosis for Aboriginal peoples compared with non-Aboriginal peoples.Of 17 759 cancer registrations analysed, 3350 (18.9%) had Indigenous status recorded as Aboriginal. Five-year survival improved significantly from 1991-2000 to 2011-2020 for all populations, including Aboriginal (males, 20.5% to 37.1%; females, 32.3% to 47.2%) and non-Aboriginal (males, 50.0% to 65.9%; females, 64.5% to 75.4%). The gap in 5-year cancer survival for Aboriginal peoples closed by 12.4% (4.0 percentage difference) for females, but only by 2.4% (0.7 percentage difference) for males. For all 15 cancer sites, 5-year survival improved, but Aboriginal peoples experienced excess mortality, ranging from an excess hazard ratio of 1.3 for mortality following diagnosis of liver cancer to 6.1 for prostate cancer during the period 2011-2020.Cancer survival has improved for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in the NT. However, the gap in survival outcomes for Aboriginal peoples persists. Further research is required on pathways to close the gap, including: improving access to care, understanding social and cultural factors, reducing diagnostic and treatment delays, and promoting greater equity of Aboriginal participation in clinical trials. Quality improvement approaches led by Aboriginal peoples should be prioritised to tailor culturally appropriate preventive strategies.

We aimed to describe the clinical spectrum and burden of COVID-19-associated neurologic disease in Australian children.We extracted Australian national sentinel site surveillance data on COVID-19-associated neurologic disease in children hospitalized in the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance network, 2020-2023. Neurologic complications included encephalitis, encephalopathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, seizures and cerebrovascular accident among others. We calculated the proportion of hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 cases associated with neurologic disease and described the spectrum of presentations including clinical features and severity. We calculated incidence rates of neurologic disease within COVID-19 variant eras among hospitalized patients.We identified 311 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with neurologic disease among 4616 hospitalized pediatric cases of COVID-19 reported through the surveillance network, representing 5.3 cases per 100 pediatric COVID-19 admissions. The most common COVID-19-associated neurologic presentations were seizures (n = 215), including febrile seizures. Nonspecific encephalopathy (n = 62), encephalitis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, acute cerebellar syndromes, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis and cerebrovascular accident were also reported. Almost 60% of children were ≤4 years, approximately 30% had pre-existing neurologic conditions and almost half had other medical comorbidities. COVID-19-associated neurologic complications infrequently led to death, although 25% (n = 2/8) of children with COVID-19 encephalitis died. The incidence rate of COVID-19-associated neurologic disease was lowest during the late Omicron era.Neurologic complications among COVID-19 hospitalized children are relatively frequent. While most neurologic complications are transient, including seizures, encephalitis remains a cause of significant morbidity. Children with pre-existing neurologic disease and other comorbidities are at higher risk.

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